Chongqing (simplified Chinese Simplified Chinese Characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Chángyòng Zìbiǎo for use in Mainland China. It is one of many standard character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the People's Republic of China in Mainland China has promoted them for use in printing in an: 重 庆; pinyin Pinyin , or more formally Hanyu Pinyin (汉语拼音 / 漢語拼音), is currently the most commonly used romanization system for Standard Mandarin (标准普通话 / 標準普通話). Hànyǔ (汉语 / 漢語) means the Chinese language, and pīnyīn (拼音) means "phonetics", or more literally, "spelling sound" or ": Chóngqìng; Mandarin pronunciation: [t͡ʂʰʊŋ˧˥ t͡ɕʰiŋ˥˩]; Postal map spelling Chinese Postal Map Romanization refers to the system of romanization for Chinese place names which came into use in the late Qing dynasty and was officially sanctioned by the Imperial Postal Joint-Session Conference (帝國郵電聯席會議), which was held in Shanghai in the spring of 1906. This system of romanization was retained after the fall: Chungking; Wade-Giles Wade–Giles was the only system of transcription in the English-speaking world for most of the 20th century, used in several standard reference books and in all books about China published before 1979. It replaced the Nanjing-based romanization systems that had been common until late in the 19th century. It has mostly been replaced by the pinyin: Ch'ung-ch'ing) is a major city in southwestern China China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity. Administratively, it is one of the People's Republic of China b. ^ Simple characterizations of the political structure since the 1980s are no longer possible's four direct-controlled municipalities Direct-controlled municipality is the highest level classificiation for cities used by Republic of China , People's Republic of China, Korea and Vietnam with status equal to that of the provinces in the respective countries. The People's Republic of China (PRC) in mainland China, the Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan, the Democratic People's (the other three are Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin), and the only such municipality in western China. The municipality was created on 14 March 1997, succeeding the sub-provincial city A sub-provincial city, similar to a prefecture-level city, is not "city" in the usual sense of the term , but instead an administrative unit comprising, typically, a main central urban area (a city in the usual sense, with the same name as the sub-provincial city), and its much larger surrounding rural area containing many smaller cities, administration that was part of Sichuan Sichuan (Chinese: 四川; pinyin: Sìchuān; Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province (shěng) in Southwestern China with its capital in Chengdu. The current name of the province, 四川 (Sìchuān), is an abbreviation of 四川路 (Sì Chuānlù), or "Four circuits of rivers", which is itself abbreviated from 川峡四� Province. In 2007, the municipality of Chongqing had a population of 31.4 million.^[1] It has jurisdiction over 19 districts, 17 counties In the context of Political divisions of China, county is the standard English translation of Xiàn . In the People's Republic of China (PRC, commonly known as China or Mainland China), counties are found in the third level of the administrative hierarchy in Provinces and Autonomous regions, and the 2nd level in municipalities and Hainan province,, and four autonomous counties.

The municipal abbreviation, Yú (渝), was approved by the State Council The State Council , which is largely synonymous with the Central People's Government (Chinese: 中央人民政府) after 1954, is the chief administrative authority (Cabinet) of the People's Republic of China. It is chaired by the Premier and includes the heads of each governmental department and agency. There are about 50 members in the Council on 18 April 1997. Chongqing was also a municipality of the Republic of China The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia comprising the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands located off the east coast of mainland China. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south administration, serving as its wartime capital during the Second Sino-Japanese War 2 The official PRC statistics for China's civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937-1945 are 20 million dead and 15 million wounded. The figures for total military casualties, killed and wounded are: Nationalist 3.2 million; Communist 500,000 . Its abbreviated name is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River The Jialing River is a tributary of the Yangtze River with its source in Gansu province. It gets its name from its crossing the Jialing Vale in Feng County of Shaanxi. It was once known as Langshui (Simplified Chinese: 阆水; PinYin: làngshǔi) or Yushui (Simplified Chinese: 渝水; PinYin: yúshǔi) that runs through Chongqing and feeds the Yangtze River The name Yangtze River, as well as other similar names such as Yangtse River, Yangzi River and Yangtze Kiang, is derived from Yangzi Jiang (simplified Chinese: 扬 .

Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Administrative divisions 2.2 Climate 3 Politics 4 Economy 4.1 Organised crime 4.2 Economic and technological development zones 5 Media 6 Transportation 6.1 River port 6.2 Railways 6.3 Highways 6.4 Airport 6.5 Public transportation 7 Culture & Tourism 8 Education 8.1 Colleges and universities 8.2 International Schools 9 Sports 10 International relations 10.1 Twin towns — Sister cities 11 Language 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links

History

Chongqing is said to be the semi-legendary State of Ba that the Ba people supposedly established during the eleventh century BCE. By 316 BCE, however, it had been overrun by the State of Qin Qín or Ch'in (秦), (778 BC-207 BC) was a state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods of China. It eventually grew to dominate the country and unite it in 221 BC, after which it is referred to as the Qin Dynasty. The surname of its rulers was Ying (嬴). The Qin emperor ordered a new city to be constructed, which was called Jiang (江州) and Chu Prefecture (楚州).

Chongqing was subsequently renamed in 581 CE (Sui Dynasty The Sui Dynasty, founded by Sui Wendi, or Yang Jian, held its capital at Luoyang. It was marked by the reunification of Southern and Northern China and the construction of the Grand Canal, though it was a relatively short Chinese dynasty. It saw various reforms by Emperors Wen and Yang: the Equal-field system, initiated to reduce the rich-poor) and l;;1102, to Yu Prefecture (渝州) and then Gong Prefecture (恭州). It received its current name in 1189, after Prince Zhao Dun of the Southern Song Dynasty The Song Dynasty was a ruling dynasty in China between 960 and 1279; it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty. It was the first government in world history to issue banknotes or paper money, and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy. This dynasty also saw the first described his crowning as king and then Emperor Guangzong as a "double/repeated happy celebration" (simplified Chinese Simplified Chinese Characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Chángyòng Zìbiǎo for use in Mainland China. It is one of many standard character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the People's Republic of China in Mainland China has promoted them for use in printing in an: 双重喜庆; traditional Chinese Traditional Chinese characters refers to Chinese characters in any of the standard sets of Chinese characters which are not the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Chángyòng Zìbiǎo or Tōyō kanji. It most commonly refers to characters in the standardized character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong, or in the Kangxi Dictionary. The modern shapes of traditional: 雙重喜慶; pinyin Pinyin , or more formally Hanyu Pinyin (汉语拼音 / 漢語拼音), is currently the most commonly used romanization system for Standard Mandarin (标准普通话 / 標準普通話). Hànyǔ (汉语 / 漢語) means the Chinese language, and pīnyīn (拼音) means "phonetics", or more literally, "spelling sound" or ": shuāngchóng xǐqìng). Hence, Yu Prefecture became Chongqing subprefecture Subprefecture is an administrative division of a country that is below prefecture or province to mark the occasion.

In 1362, (Yuan Dynasty The Yuan Dynasty , Mongolian: Dai Ön Ulus/Дай Юан Улс), or Great Yuan Empire (simplified Chinese: 大元帝国; traditional Chinese: 大元帝國; pinyin: Dà Yuán Dìguó) was both the continuation of the Mongol Empire and the Mongol founded historical state in Mongolia and China, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368. Although the), Ming Yuzhen, a peasant rebelling leader, established the Daxia Kingdom (大夏) at Chongqing for a short time.

In 1621 (Ming Dynasty The Ming Dynasty , or Empire of the Great Ming (simplified Chinese: 大明国; traditional Chinese: 大明國; pinyin: Dà Míng Guó, also anachronistically simplified Chinese: 大明帝国; traditional Chinese: 大明帝國; pinyin: Dà Míng Dìguó), was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led), another short-lived kingdom of Daliang (大梁) was established by She Chongming (奢崇明) in Chongqing as its capital.

Between 1627-1645, with the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Chongqing, together with Sichuan, were captured by the Revolts who overthrew the Ming Dynasty across the nation. Later during the Qing Dynasty, immigration to Chongqing and Sichuan took place with the support of Qing emperor.

In 1891, Chongqing became the first inland commerce port open to foreigners.

From 1929, Chongqing became a municipality of the Republic of China The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia comprising the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands located off the east coast of mainland China. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. During the Second Sino-Japanese War 2 The official PRC statistics for China's civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937-1945 are 20 million dead and 15 million wounded. The figures for total military casualties, killed and wounded are: Nationalist 3.2 million; Communist 500,000 (1937–1945), it was Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a political and military leader of 20th century China's provisional capital and was heavily bombed The bombing of Chongqing was part of an Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service terror bombing operation on the Chinese provisional capital of Chongqing authorized by the Imperial General Headquarters by the Japanese Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is Air Force The Imperial Japanese Army made use of hot air balloons for observation purposes in the Russo-Japanese War on 1904-1905 and purchased its first aircraft, a Farman biplane, in 1910. However, serious interest in military aviation did not develop until after World War I. Japanese military observers in Europe were quick to spot the advantages of the. Luckily, due to its mountainous environment, many people were saved from the bombing. Many factories and universities were moved from eastern China to Chongqing during WWII, transforming this city from inland port to a heavily industrialized city. In late November 1949 the Nationalist KMT The Kuomintang of China (KMT); (Hanyu Pinyin: Guómíndǎng, GMD), translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party or Chinese National People's Party, is a political party of the Republic of China (Taiwan, ROC). It can be seen romanized as Guomindang (according to the Pinyin transcription system) in some contexts. It is the founding and the ruling government fled the city.

In 1954, the municipality was demoted to a provincial city Provincial cities , sometimes translated provincial municipalities, are cities lesser in rank than direct-controlled municipalities of the Republic of China (ROC). They are governed by provinces directly and are one level above the most basic county-controlled cities (see Administrative divisions of the Republic of China) within the Sichuan Sichuan (Chinese: 四川; pinyin: Sìchuān; Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province (shěng) in Southwestern China with its capital in Chengdu. The current name of the province, 四川 (Sìchuān), is an abbreviation of 四川路 (Sì Chuānlù), or "Four circuits of rivers", which is itself abbreviated from 川峡四� Province of the People's Republic of China b. ^ Simple characterizations of the political structure since the 1980s are no longer possible. On 14 March 1997, the Eighth National People's Congress Although the membership of the NPC is still largely determined by the Communist Party of China, since the early 1990s it has moved away from its previous role as a symbolic but powerless rubber-stamp legislature, and has supposedly become a forum for mediating policy differences between different parts of the Party and the government. For the NPC decided to merge the city with the neighbouring Fuling Fuling District is a district of Chongqing Municipality, People's Republic of China. The place name means "Fu (River) Cemetery" because some rulers of the State of Ba were originally buried there, Wanxian Wanzhou District , formerly Wanxian or Wan County (simplified Chinese: 万县; traditional Chinese: 萬縣; pinyin: Wànxiàn) is a district of Chongqing Municipality of the People's Republic of China. The urban area of Wanzhou, located in the northern part of the district and on the upper reaches of the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River, is 228, and Qianjiang prefecture-level districts that it had governed on behalf of the province since September 1996. The resulting single division was the Chongqing Municipality, containing 30,020,000 people in forty-three former counties In the context of Political divisions of China, county is the standard English translation of Xiàn . In the People's Republic of China (PRC, commonly known as China or Mainland China), counties are found in the third level of the administrative hierarchy in Provinces and Autonomous regions, and the 2nd level in municipalities and Hainan province, (without intermediate political levels). The municipality became the spearhead of China's effort to develop its western regions and to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of the Three Gorges Dam The dam body was completed in 2006. Except for a ship lift, all of the originally planned components of the project were completed on October 30, 2008 when the 26th generator was brought into commercial operation. Currently, it contains 26 completed generators in the shore power plant, each with a capacity of 700 MW. Six additional generators in project. Its first official ceremony took place on 18 June 1997.

In 2009, Chongqing hosted the Second "Chinese Bridge" Chinese Proficiency Competition For Foreign Secondary School Students, organised by Hanban, from the October 16 to October 31.

Chinese simple Chongqing（简体中文：重庆）

Chinese traditional Chongqing（繁体中文：重慶）

Geography

Chongqing commercial skyscrapers

All climactic data listed below comes from Yubei District

Geographic coordinates A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system that enables every location on Earth to be specified in three coordinates, using mainly a spherical coordinate system

105°17'-110°11' East, 28°10'－32°13' North

Annual average temperature Historically, two equivalent concepts of temperature have developed, the thermodynamic description and a microscopic explanation based on statistical physics. Since thermodynamics deals entirely with macroscopic measurements, the thermodynamic definition of temperature, first stated by Lord Kelvin, is stated entirely in empirical, measurable

18.2 °C (64.8 °F)

January average

7.6 °C (45.7 °F)

August average

28.7 °C (83.7 °F)

Temperature range

-1.1 to 40.2 °C (30 to 104.4 °F)

Total annual hours of sunshine

1024

Annual precipitation In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that is pulled down by gravity and deposited on the Earth's surface. The main forms of precipitation include rain, snow, ice pellets, and graupel. It occurs when the atmosphere, a large gaseous solution, becomes saturated with water vapour and the water

~ 1,120 millimetres (44.1 in)

Neighbouring provinces

Hubei Hubei (Chinese: 湖北; pinyin: Húběi; Wade-Giles: Hu-pei; Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a central province in China. Its abbreviation is 鄂 (pinyin: È), an ancient name associated with the eastern part of the province since the Qin dynasty. The name Hubei means "north of the lake", referring to Hubei's position north of Lake (east), Hunan Hunan (Chinese: 湖南; pinyin: Húnán) is a province of China, located to the south of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting (hence the name Hunan, meaning "south of the lake"). Hunan is sometimes called 湘 (pinyin: Xiāng) for short, after the Xiang River which runs through the province (southeast), Guizhou Guizhou (simplified Chinese: 贵 (south), Sichuan Sichuan (Chinese: 四川; pinyin: Sìchuān; Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province (shěng) in Southwestern China with its capital in Chengdu. The current name of the province, 四川 (Sìchuān), is an abbreviation of 四川路 (Sì Chuānlù), or "Four circuits of rivers", which is itself abbreviated from 川峡四� (west), Shaanxi Shaanxi (simplified Chinese: 陕 (north)

Located on the edge of the Yungui Plateau, Chongqing is intersected by the Jialing River The Jialing River is a tributary of the Yangtze River with its source in Gansu province. It gets its name from its crossing the Jialing Vale in Feng County of Shaanxi. It was once known as Langshui (Simplified Chinese: 阆水; PinYin: làngshǔi) or Yushui (Simplified Chinese: 渝水; PinYin: yúshǔi) and the upper reaches of the Yangtze The name Yangtze River, as well as other similar names such as Yangtse River, Yangzi River and Yangtze Kiang, is derived from Yangzi Jiang (simplified Chinese: 扬 . It contains Daba Shan Daba Mountains, or Dabashan is a mountain range in Central China, north of the Yangtze River. It runs in the general west-northwest to east-southeast direction, along the border between, on the one side (southwest and south) Sichuan and Chongqing, and on the other side (northeast and north) Shaanxi and Hubei. The mountains of Shennongjia are often in the north, Wu Shan in the east, Wuling Shan in the southeast, and Dalou Mountain to the south.

The city is very hilly and as such it is the only major metropolitan area in China without significant numbers of bicycles.

Administrative divisions

Administrative map of the Chongqing municipality See also: List of administrative divisions of Chongqing

Chongqing Municipality is divided into forty county-level subdivisions (three abolished in 1997), consisting of nineteen districts, seventeen counties, and four autonomous counties. Before Beijing^[2] and Shanghai^[3], Chongqing is the largest of the four direct-controlled municipalities of the People's Republic of China. The boundaries of Chongqing municipality reach much farther into the city's hinterland than the boundaries of the other three provincial level municipalities (Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin), and much of its administrative area, which spans over 80,000 km², is rural.

Districts Pinyin name Hanzi Previous associationa Banan 巴南区 Chongqing Beibei 北碚区 Changshou 长寿区 Dadukou 大渡口区 Fuling 涪陵区 Fuling Hechuan 合川区 Chongqing Jiangbei 江北区 Jiangjin 江津区 Jiulongpo 九龙坡区 Nan'an 南岸区 Nanchuan 南川区 Fuling Qianjiang 黔江区 Qianjiang Shapingba 沙坪坝区 Chongqing Shuangqiao 双桥区 Wansheng 万盛区 Wanzhou 万州区 Wanxian Yubei 渝北区 Chongqing Yongchuan 永川区 Yuzhong 渝中区

Counties Pinyin name Hanzi Previous associationa Bishan 璧山县 Chongqing Chengkou 城口县 Wanxian Dazu 大足县 Chongqing Dianjiang 垫江县 Fuling Fengdu 丰都县 Fengjie 奉节县 Wanxian Kai 开县 Liangping 梁平县 Qijiang 綦江县 Chongqing Rongchang 荣昌县 Tongliang 铜梁县 Tongnan 潼南县 Wulong 武隆县 Fuling Wushan 巫山县 Wanxian Wuxi 巫溪县 Yunyang 云阳县 Zhong 忠县

Autonomous counties

Pinyin name	Hanzi	Previous associationa
Pengshui Miao and Tujia	彭水苗族土家族自治县	Qianjiang
Shizhu Tujia	石柱土家族自治县
Xiushan Tujia and Miao	秀山土家族苗族自治县
Youyang Tujia and Miao	酉阳土家族苗族自治县

^a Indicates with which district the division was associated below prior to the merging of Chongqing, Fuling, Wanxian (now Wanzhou) and Qianjiang in 1997.

The urban area of Chongqing Municipality (重庆主城区市区) includes the following districts:

A dusk view of Chongqing Downtown A night view of Yuzhong peninsula

• Yuzhong(渝中区, or "Central Chongqing District"), the central and most densely populated district, where government and international business offices are located.
• Nan'an (南岸区, or "Southern Bank District")
• Jiangbei (江北区, or "North of the River District")
• Shapingba (沙坪坝区)
• Jiulongpo (九龙坡区)
• BaNan (巴南区)
• Dadukou (大渡口区)
• Yubei (渝北区，the northern district of Chongqing)
• Beibu (北部新区, the new district at Northern Chongqing)

Climate

Chongqing has a humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa), with the two-season monsoonal variations typical of South Asia.

As one of the "Three Furnaces" (三大火炉), Chongqing's summers are among the hottest in China, with highs of around 33 °C (91 °F) in August, in the central portions of the city. Yet even in the hottest weather the wind is often cool, making such high temperatures more bearable. Winters are fairly mild, but damp and overcast; average January highs are 9.5 °C (49.1 °F). Its location in the Sichuan Basin causes Chongqing to have one of the lowest sunshine totals annually in China.

Due to its focus on heavy industrial operations, Chongqing is perennially ranked on the most polluted cities in the world including the World Bank's list of most polluted cities.

Climate data for Chongqing (Yubei District, 1961-1990)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	9.5 (49.1)	11.6 (52.9)	16.8 (62.2)	22.2 (72)	25.9 (78.6)	28.1 (82.6)	32.2 (90)	32.8 (91)	26.5 (79.7)	21.3 (70.3)	15.8 (60.4)	10.9 (51.6)	21.1 (70)
Average low °C (°F)	5.6 (42.1)	7.0 (44.6)	10.9 (51.6)	15.1 (59.2)	18.9 (66)	21.5 (70.7)	24.5 (76.1)	24.5 (76.1)	20.4 (68.7)	16.2 (61.2)	11.6 (52.9)	7.2 (45)	15.3 (59.5)
Precipitation mm (inches)	20.1 (0.791)	19.9 (0.783)	33.6 (1.323)	110.1 (4.335)	156.4 (6.157)	163.9 (6.453)	178.1 (7.012)	136.5 (5.374)	132.5 (5.217)	90.8 (3.575)	49.3 (1.941)	27.1 (1.067)	1,118.3 (44.028)
% Humidity	83	80	76	77	79	81	76	72	81	84	84	84	79.8
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	10.1	9.8	11.4	14.4	17.0	16.0	12.8	10.8	15.6	15.3	14.0	10.5	157.7
Sunshine hours	22.2	31.1	70.9	96.7	104.0	101.6	178.9	201.0	88.4	66.2	38.7	24.0	1,023.7
Source: 中国气象局 国家气象信息中心

Chongqing is known for its fog and suffers from very heavy air pollution. Foggy weather is most prevalent during spring and winter days, which gives this city a nickname of "the Fog Capital" (Chinese: 雾都). This special weather once protected Chongqing from being overrun by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. However, the city government has been aggressively trying to improve its air quality in recent years^{[citation needed]}. The so called "blue sky days" (days with air quality within or better than slight pollution) number have been on the rise.^{[citation needed]}

Politics

Main article: Politics of Chongqing

The politics of Chongqing is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in the People's Republic of China.

The Mayor of Chongqing is the highest ranking official in the People's Government of Chongqing. Since Chongqing is a centrally administered municipality, the mayor occupies the same level in the order of precedence as provincial governors. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the mayor has less power than the Chongqing Communist Party of China Municipal Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Chongqing CPC Party Chief".

Chongqing also has the distinction of being the wartime capital of China during the Second Sino-Japanese war, and for a brief period being the seat of administration for the Republic of China government before its departure to Taiwan.

Preceded by Guangzhou	Capital of China 1937-1945	Succeeded by Nanjing
Preceded by Guangzhou	Capital of the Republic of China (during the Chinese Civil War) 1949	Succeeded by Chengdu

Economy

Commercial skyscrapers and high-rise buildings around the People's Liberation Monument in downtown Jeifangbei. The WalMart super market at Nan'an,Chongqing. People's Liberation Monument (World War II victory monument). The pedestrian mall in Chongqing downtown

Chongqing was separated from Sichuan province and made into a municipality in its own right in March 1997^[4] in order to accelerate its development and subsequently China's relatively poorer western areas (see China Western Development strategy).^[5] An important industrial area in western China,^[6] Chongqing is also rapidly urbanizing. For instance, statistics^[7] suggest that new construction added approximately 137,000 square meters (1.5 million square feet) daily of usable floor space to satisfy demands for residential, commercial and factory space. In addition, more than 1,300 people moved into the city daily, adding almost 100 million yuan (US$15 million) to the local economy.

Traditionally, due to its geographical remoteness, Chongqing and neighboring Sichuan are important military bases in weapons research and development.^[8] Chongqing's industries have now diversified but unlike eastern China, its export sector is small due to its inland location. Instead, factories producing local-oriented consumer goods such as processed food, autos, chemicals, textiles, machinery and electronics are common.

Chongqing is China's third largest center of motor vehicle production and the largest for motorcycles. In 2007, it had an annual output capacity of 1 million automobiles and 8.6 million motorcycles.^[9] Leading makers of cars and motor bikes include Changan Automotive Corp - China's fourth biggest automaker and Lifan Hongda Enterprise. The municipality is also one of the 9 largest iron and steel centres in China and one of the three major aluminium producers. Important manufacturers include Chongqing Iron and Steel Company and South West Aluminium - Asia's largest aluminum plant.^[10] Agriculture remains significant. Rice and fruits (especially oranges) are the area's main produce. Natural resources are also abundant with large deposits of coal, natural gas, and more than 40 kinds of minerals such as strontium and manganese,^[11] although the mining sector has been criticised for being wasteful, heavily-polluting, and unsafe.^[12] Chongqing is also planned to be the site of a 10-million-ton-capacity refinery operated by CNPC (parent company of PetroChina) to process imported crude oil from the Sino-Burma pipelines. The pipeline itself, though not yet finished, will eventually run from Sittwe (in Myanmar's western coast) through Kunming in Yunnan province before reaching Chongqing^[13] and it will provide China with fuels sourced from Myanmar, the Middle East, and Africa. Recently, there has been a drive to move up the value chain by shifting towards hi-tech and knowledge-intensive industries resulting in new development zones such as the Chongqing New North Zone (CNNZ).^[14] Chongqing's local government is hoping through the promotion of favorable economic policies for the electronics and information technology sectors, that it can create a 400 billion RMB high tech manufacturing hub which will surpass its auto industry and account for 25% of its exports.^[15]

The city has also invested heavily in infrastructure to attract investment.^[9][16] The network of roads and railways connecting Chongqing to the rest of China have been expanded and upgraded reducing logistical costs. Furthermore, the nearby Three Gorges Dam - the world's largest - will not only supply Chongqing with power once completed but also allows ocean-going ships to reach Chongqing's Yangtze River port.^[17] These infrastructure improvements have led to the arrivals of several foreign investors in industries ranging from auto to finance and retailing such as Ford, Mazda, HSBC, Standard Chartered Bank, Wal-Mart, and Carrefour.^[18]

Chongqing's nominal GDP in 2009 reached 652.8 billion yuan (US$95.5 billion) while registering an annual growth of 14.3%. However, its overall economic performance is still lagging behind eastern coastal cities such as Shanghai. For instance, its per capita GDP was 22,909 yuan (US$3,301) - below the national average. Nevertheless, there is a massive government support to transform Chongqing into the region's economic, trade, and financial centre and use the municipality as a platform to open up the country's western interior to further development.^[19]

Organised crime

Main article: Chongqing gang trials

In the first decade of the 21st century, the city became notorious for organised crime and corruption. Gangsters oversaw businesses involving billions of yuan and the corruption reached into the law-enforcement and justice systems. In 2009, city authorities under the auspices of municipal Communist Party secretary Bo Xilai undertook a massive crackdown, arresting 4,893 suspected gangsters, 'outlaws' and corrupt cadres, leading to optimism that the period of gangsterism was over.^[20]

Economic and technological development zones

The city includes a number of economic and technological development zones:

• Chongqing Chemical Industrial Park
• Chongqing Economic & Technological Development Zone
• Chongqing Hi-Tech Industry Development Zone
• Chongqing New North Zone (CNNZ)
• Chongqing Export Processing Zone
• Jianqiao Industrial Park (located in Dadukou District)

Media

Chongqing is served by the Chongqing People's Broadcast Station as the largest radio station. The only municipal-level TV network is Chongqing TV station, claimed to be the 4th largest television station.^{[citation needed]} Chongqing Daily is the largest newspaper group, controlling more than 10 newspapers and one website.

Transportation

River port

Hydrofoil on the Yangtze, within the Chongqing municipality. The confluence of the Jialing River and Yangtze River, as seen from Chongqing.

Chongqing is the biggest inland river port in western China. Historically, most of its transportation, especially to eastern China, is via the Yangtze River.

Railways

Chongqing is a major rail hub in south central China.

• Chongqing-Chengdu (Sichuan province) railway
• Chongqing-Guiyang (Guizhou province) railway
• Chongqing-Xiangfan (Hubei province) railway
• Chongqing-Huaihua (Hunan province) railway
• Chongqing-Suining (Sichuan province) express railway
• Chongqing-Lichuan Railway (Yuli Railway), providing access to the Yichang-Wanzhou Railway in Hubei (under construction)
• Chongqing-Lanzhou (Gansu province) railway (under construction)

Highways

• Chongqing-Chengdu highway
• Chongqing-Wanzhou-Yichang highway (Wanzhou-Yichang section under construction)
• Chongqing-Guiyang highway
• Chongqing-Dazhou-Xi'a highway (Dazhou-Xi'an section under construction)
• Chongqing-Suining highway
• Chongqing-Nanchong Expressway
• China National Highway 210
• China National Highway 212

Airport

Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport, located in Yubei district, north of Chongqing, provides links to most parts of China and to other countries. In year 2007, a total of 10,355,730 person-time transporting volume was reported, which ranks this airport as the 10th largest one in China and the third largest one in southwest China.

Public transportation

The monorail in Chongqing city Main article: Chongqing Metro

The three main forms of public transport in Chongqing are monorail, intercity railway, and the ubiquitous bus system.

According to the Chongqing Municipal Government's ambitious plan in May 2007, Chongqing is going to invest 150 billion RMB over 13 years to finish a system that combines underground metro lines with light rail. By 2020 this network will consist of 6 straight lines and 1 circular line; Line 1 will be an underground metro while Lines 2 and 3 will be light rail. These improvements will add 363.5 kilometers of road and railway to the existing transportation infrastructure and 93 new train stations will be added to the 111 stations that are already in place. As of 2005^[update] only one rail line, the 19 km long Chongqing light rail line 2 (project 1), had been finished.

By 2050 Chongqing is planned to have ten railway lines, totaling 513 kilometres, with 270 stations.^[21]

Culture & Tourism

The Hongyadong stilted house in Chongqqing city

Chongqing has a number of tourist attractions.

As the provisional Capital of China for almost ten years (1937 to 1945), it was also known as one of the three headquarters of the Allies. Chongqing has many historical World War II buildings or sites(unfortunately some of them were destroyed):

• The People's Liberation Monument, located in the center of Chongqing city, attracts many visitors. It was the highest building in the area but currently is surrounded and dwarfed by numerous shopping centres. Actually this monument tower was originally named as "Monument for the victory over Axis armies" and it is the only building in whole China area for that purpose. Even today, the monument serves as the symbol for the city.
• Chongqing Museum
• Stilwell Museum for General "Vinegar Joe" Stilwell.
• Great Hall of the People (Chongqing) -based on the one in Beijing
• Renmin Hotel
• Luohan Si -Ming-era temple
• The cemetery for World War II air forces (空军坟）in Nanshan area (南山）in memory of those air force heroes who sacrificed their lives to help China during the Japanese invasion;
• The former sites for embassies of major countries during 1940s since Chungking was Capital at that time and many residence buildings/sites for the celebrities at that time (Chiang Kai-shek, H.H. Kong, 老舍Lao She, 梁实秋Liang Shiqiu et al.);
• Red Rock Village Museum is a diplomatic site for the Communist Party in Chongqing led by Zhou Enlai during World War II. It's where Mao Zedong signed the "Double 10 (October 10th) peace agreement" with the Kuomintang.

Besides those historical places, Chongqing also has many other attractions:

• The Dazu Rock Carvings (Chinese: 大足石刻; pinyin: Dàzú Shíkè), in Dazu county, are a series of Chinese religious sculptures and carvings, dating back as far as the 7th century A.D., depicting and influenced by Buddhist, Confucian and Taoist beliefs. Listed as a UNESCO World cultural Heritage Site, the Dazu Rock Carvings are made up of 75 protected sites containing some 50,000 statues, with over 100,000 Chinese characters forming inscriptions and epigraphs.
• The natural bridges (天生三桥）and Furong Cave in Wulong were listed as a World natural Heritage site (part of South China Karst).
• Ciqikou is an ancient 1000-year-old town in the Shapingba District of Chongqing. It is otherwise known as Small Chongqing. The town, located at the lower reaches of the Jialing River, was at one time an important source of chinawares and used to be a busy commercial dock during the Ming and Qing Dynasty. The steep road up to the front gate of Fishing Town
• Fishing Town or Fishing City (Simplified Chinese: 钓鱼城; Traditional Chinese: 釣魚城; Pinyin: diàoyúchéng), also called the “Oriental Mecca” and “the Place That Broke God's Whip”, is one of the three great ancient battlefields of China. It is famous for its resistance to the Mongol armies in the latter half of the Song Dynasty. One of the most notable events was the death of Mongol leader Mongke Khan by cannon shot, which forced the immediate withdrawal of Mongol troops from Europe and Asia and prevented the Mongolian Empire from expanding towards Africa and Western Europe.
• Hot pot is Chongqing's local culinary specialty. Tables in hotpot restaurants usually have a central vat (or pot) where food ordered by the customers is boiled in a very spicy broth. As well as beef, pork, lotus and other vegetables, items such as pig's kidney, brain, duck's bowels, and cow's stomach are often consumed.
• The city is home to one of the largest public assembly buildings in China, the Great Hall of the People which, though built in modern times, emulates traditional architectural styles. It is adjacent to the densely populated and hilly central district, with narrow streets and pedestrian only walkways.
• A modern and well stocked zoo exhibits many national and regional animals, including the Giant Panda and the extremely rare South China Tiger.

Education

Colleges and universities

See also: List of universities and colleges in Chongqing

Chongqing University	重庆大学	founded in 1929
Southwest University	西南大学	founded in 1906
Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications	重庆邮电大学	founded in 1950
Chongqing Institute of Technology	重庆理工大学	founded in 1941
Chongqing Jiaotong University	重庆交通大学
Chongqing Normal University	重庆师范大学
Chongqing Technology and Business University	重庆工商大学
Chongqing Three Gorges University	重庆三峡学院
Yangtze Normal University	长江师范学院	founded in 1931
Sichuan Fine Arts Institute	四川美术学院
Sichuan International Studies University	四川外语学院	founded in 1950
Southwest University of Political Science and Law	西南政法大学
Third Military Medical University	第三军医大学
Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences	重庆文理学院
Chongqing Medical University	重庆医科大学
Chongqing University of Science and Technology	重庆科技学院
Logistical Engineering Corps Academy	后勤工程学院	founded in 1961

International Schools

• Yew Chung International School of Chongqing (重庆 耀中 国际 学校 Chóng-qìng yào-zhòng guó-jì xué-xiào) website in English

Sports

Professional sports teams in Chongqing include:

• Chinese Football Association Super League
  • Chongqing Lifan
• Chinese Basketball Association
  • None

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

Twin towns — Sister cities

Chongqing is twinned with:

Seattle, USA Vacaville, USA Hiroshima, Japan Mito, Ibaraki, Japan Toronto, Ontario, Canada Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Brisbane, Australia

Toulouse, France Düsseldorf, Germany[22] Leicester, England, UK Detroit, Michigan, USA Trikala, Greece

Shiraz, Iran Vladimir, Russia Voronezh, Russia Zaporizhzhya State, Ukraine Córdoba, Argentina

Chongqing Municipality has a Memorandum of Understanding (a form of twinning arrangement) with Wales, UK and became a 'sister region' of Wales in March 2008.^[23]

In June 2007, a twinning agreement between Chongqing and Sør-Trøndelag was signed.^[24]

Language

Main article: Sichuan dialect

Chongqing area's dialect is somewhat different from Standard Mandarin, as it is a Southwest Mandarin dialect. Most differences are phonological, though some lexical differences are observed as well. A significant difference is the velar nasal initial, ŋ- in the words 澳, 咬, 硬, 我, 爱, 安, which are [ŋao], [ŋao], [ŋən], [ŋo], [ŋai], [ŋan], respectively. Chongqing dialect itself has influences from dialects all over Southern China, such as Min Nan or Wu.

Other dialects are also spoken in Chongqing as well: The second most spoken dialect is Wu, at 11%. The third and fourth most spoken dialects in Chongqing are Xiang at 6%, and Hakka at 5.5%.^{[citation needed]}

See also

China portal

• List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} "Demographic". Chongqing Municipal Government. 12 June 2007. http://english.cq.gov.cn/ChongqingGuide/MountainCity/1918.htm.
2. ^ "Beijing's population exceeds 22 million". National Population and Family Planning Commission of China. 2010-03-02. http://www.npfpc.gov.cn/en/detail.aspx?articleid=100302125224937535.
3. ^ "Shanghai's permanent population approaches 20 mln". People's Daily. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90782/90872/6897139.html.
4. ^ Chinese vice premier urges Chongqing to become economic engine for western regions - Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Australia - retrieved on January 31, 2009.
5. ^ China urges reform, development of Chongqing municipality - Xinhua News Agency - retrieved on January 31, 2009.
6. ^ Market Profiles on Chinese Cities and Provinces (hktdc.com)
7. ^ "Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything," Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams, Penguin, p. 218, 2006.
8. ^ Chongqing Municipality（重慶市) - The Australia-China Chamber of Commerce and Industry of New South Wales - retrieved on January 31, 2009.
9. ^ ^{a b} Critical Eye on Chongqing - Pillar of the West - China Business Review - retrieved on January 31, 2009.
10. ^ "China's west seeks to impress investors". BBC News. 2005-05-04. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4512015.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
11. ^ Coal reserves ≈ 4.8 billion tonnes. Chuandong Natural Gas Field is China's largest inland gas field with deposits of around 270 billion m³ - more than 1/5 of China's total. Has China's largest reserve of strontium (China has the world's 2^nd biggest strontium deposit). Manganese is mined in the Xiushan area.
12. ^ A survey in 2005 by China’s State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) found 13 firms in the manganese triangle had breached targets on the release of hexavalent chromium and ammonia-nitrogen – in the worst case, by a factor of 180. The clean-up ordered by SEPA resulted in firms closing and the expenditure of 280 million yuan.
13. ^ Asia Times Online: China Business News : China-Myanmar pipeline projects on track
14. ^ welcome to www.cnnz.gov.cn
15. ^ The China Perspective: China Business News : HP Foxcom Setup Laptop Plants in Chongqing
16. ^ Chongqing Investment Zone Profiles
17. ^ China's Three Gorges Dam - CNN - retrieved on January 31, 2009.
18. ^ "Ford weighs third China plant to meet demand". Reuters. 2008-04-18. http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSN1845570620080418?feedType=RSS&feedName=businessNews.
19. ^ Innovative City in West China Chongqing (PDF) - Jon Sigurdson and Krystyna Palonka of Stockholm School of Economics, EIJS - retrieved on February 1, 2009.
20. ^ Chongqing on the mend after crackdown on criminal gangs, SCMP, Oct 05, 2009
21. ^ Chongqing Daily (23 March 2008)
22. ^ "Twin Towns". Amazingdusseldorf.com. http://www.amazingdusseldorf.com/community-local/people/twin-towns.html. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
23. ^ Why Chongqing? Wales Week The Trade Mission Chongqing, 1 – 8 March
24. ^ Chongqing Municipality and Sør-Trøndelag county signs Twinning-Agreement (Norway - the official site in China)

References

• Danielson, Eric N. (2005). "Chongqing," pp.325-362 in The Three Gorges and the Upper Yangzi. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish/Times Editions. ISBN 981-232-599-9.
• Danielson, Eric N. (2005). "Revisiting Chongqing: China's Second World War Temporary National Capital," in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Hong Kong Branch, Vol.45. Hong Kong: Royal Asiatic Society, Hong Kong Branch.
• Huang, Jiren (1999). Lao Chongqing (Old Chongqing): Ba Shan Ye Yu (part of the "Lao Cheng Shi" series. Nanjing: Jiangsu Meishu Chubanshe (Jiangsu Fine Arts Publishing House).
• Kapp, Robert A. (1974). “Chungking as a Center of Warlord Power, 1926-1937,” pp.143-170 in The Chinese City Between Two Worlds, ed. by Mark Elvin and G. William Skinner. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Kapp, Robert A. (1973). Szechwan and the Chinese Republic: Provincial Militarism and Central Power, 1911-1938. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Liao, Qingyu (2005). Chongqing Ge Le Shan Pei Du Yizhi (The Construction of War-time Capital on the Gele Mountain, Chongqing). Chengdu: Sichuan Da Xue Chubanshe (Sichuan University Press).
• Long, Juncai (2005). Sui Yue Ya Feng de Jiyi: Chongqing Kang Zhan Yizhi (Covered Memory of Flowing Years: Site[s] of [the] Anti-Japanese War in Chongqing). Chongqing: Xi Nan Shi Fang Da Xue Chubanshe (Southwest University Press).
• McIsaac, Lee (2000). “The City as Nation: Creating a Wartime Capital in Chongqing,” in Remaking the Chinese City, 1900-1950, ed. by Joseph W. Esherick. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
• Xu, Dongsheng and Liu, Yuchuan, et al. (1998). Chongqing Jiu Ying (Old Photos of Chongqing). Beijing: Renmin Meishu Chubanshe People’s Fine Arts Publishing House).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chongqing

• Chongqing Municipal Government website
• Video: A Bird's Eye View of the New Chongqing (2008)
• Video: A Bird's Eye View of the New Chongqing (2005)
• CCTV9 Apr. 2009 program - Chongqing: Visions of Change
• Chongqing travel guide from Wikitravel
• Economic profile for Chongqing at HKTDC

Municipality of Chongqing History • Politics • Economy District Yuzhong • Dadukou • Jiangbei • Shapingba • Jiulongpo • Nan'an • Beibei • Wansheng • Shuangqiao • Yubei • Banan • Fuling • Wanzhou • Qianjiang • Changshou • Hechuan • Jiangjin • Nanchuan • New North Zone* • Yongchuan • Liangjiang* Counties Bishan • Chengkou • Dazu • Dianjiang • Fengdu • Fengjie • Kai • Liangping • Qijiang • Rongchang • Tongliang • Tongnan • Wulong • Wushan • Wuxi • Yunyang • Zhong Autonomous counties Pengshui • Shizhu • Xiushan • Youyang Attractions Dazu Rock Carvings • Ciqikou • Great Hall of the People • Red Rock Village Museum • Renmin Hotel • Diaoyucheng (Fishing Town) Sports Venues Yanghe Stadium • Datianwan Stadium Higher Education Chongqing University • Southwest University • Chongqing Institute of Technology • Chongqing Jiaotong University • Chongqing Normal University • Chongqing Technology and Business University • Chongqing Three Gorges University • Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications • Yangtze Normal University • Sichuan Fine Arts Institute • Sichuan International Studies University • Southwest University of Political Science and Law • Third Military Medical University • Chongqing Medical University • Chongqing University of Science and Technology Culture & Demographics Ba • Sichuan Mandarin • Szechuan cuisine Transport Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport • Chongqing Metro • China National Highway 210 • China National Highway 212 See also: * - Not a formal administrative subdivision; List of Township-level divisions of Chongqing

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Metropolitan cities of the People's Republic of China Municipalities Beijing · Chongqing · Shanghai · Tianjin SARs Hong Kong · Macau Sub-provincial cities Changchun · Chengdu · Dalian · Guangzhou · Hangzhou · Jinan · Harbin · Nanjing · Ningbo · Qingdao · Shenyang · Shenzhen · Wuhan · Xi'an · Xiamen Provincial capitals (not included above) Changsha · Fuzhou · Guiyang · Haikou · Hefei · Kunming · Lanzhou · Nanchang · Shijiazhuang · Taiyuan · Xining · Zhengzhou Autonomous regional capitals Hohhot · Lhasa · Nanning · Ürümqi · Yinchuan SEZ cities (not included above) Beihai · Lianyungang · Nantong · Qinhuangdao · Shantou · Wenzhou · Yantai · Zhanjiang · Zhuhai

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World's twenty most populous metropolitan areas 1 Tokyo-Yokohama 2 Seoul-Incheon 3 Mexico City 4 New York (Tri-State Region) 5 Mumbai 6 Jakarta 7 São Paulo 8 Delhi 9 Keihanshin 10 Shanghai 11 Manila 12 Hong Kong-Shenzhen 13 Los Angeles 14 Kolkata 15 Moscow 16 Cairo 17 Buenos Aires 18 London 19 Beijing 20 Karachi

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